TAMIL NADU TEACHERS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY (Established under Tamil Nadu Act 33 of 2008) Chennai-600 097 DEGREE OF MASTER OF EDUCATION (M.Ed.)
REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS for TWO–YEAR M.Ed. DEGREE PROGRAMME (UNDER CBCS SEMESTER PATTERN) (With effect from the Academic Year 2020-2021 onwards) REGULATIONS AND SYLLABUS FOR TWO-YEAR M.Ed.
(UNDER CBCS SEMESTER PATTERN) Preamble of the Programme Education plays a key role in the development of a society and a country. The extent to which education is able to contribute to the process of socio-economic development and transformation of the nation depends on the trained and qualified human resources developed in the academic institutions and universities. In order to produce qualified human resources required for the country, the academic institutions should be equipped with adequate resources, competent and committed teachers and properly designed curriculum. The Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University has been producing and supplying trained and qualified teachers, teacher educators, and other educational professionals including curriculum designers, education policy analysts, educational planners, educational administrators, educational supervisors, school principals, and educational researchers to the country for more than one decade by offering B.Ed., M.Ed., M.Phil., and Ph.D. Degree Programmes.
General Objectives of the Programme The overall objective of the M.Ed. programme is to produce higher level of manpower such as teachers, teacher educators, principals, educational planners and administrators, educational policy analysts and other kind of experts in the field of education.
Specific Objectives of the Programme PO1: To produce qualified and competent teachers and teacher educators PO2: To provide knowledge on historical, philosophical and sociological foundation of educational practices PO3: To provide training to become educational psychologists and counsellors PO4: To provide opportunities to critically examine and reflect on the concept, content, organization and status of elementary and secondary teacher education curriculum, infrastructure, resources needed, and issues and problems related to teacher preparation PO5: To give training to design and develop curriculum, syllabus, textbooks and preparation of other instructional materials PO6: To provide input on various methods of research, select/develop research tools, apply appropriate statistical techniques to analyse the data and infer results PO7: To motivate to learn and use sound principles and techniques in the learner- centred instructional process PO8: To encourage actively participate in educational measurement and evaluation processes PO9: To produce educational planners, administrators, managers, supervisors, researchers, and other educational experts PO10: To develop skills to identify and solve the educational problems at national and international level PO11: To critically examine the role and functions of various agencies including the regulatory bodies in enhancing the quality of teacher education PO12: To make to understand education as a discipline of study PO13: To motivate to use the information and communication technologies (ICTs) in the teaching-learning process PO14: To enable to realize the importance of early childhood care and education PO15: To examine the status and issues related to women and the role of education to address the issues PO16: To know the importance of special and inclusive education, and legislative measures to deal with education of children with diverse needs PO17: To prepare to carryout field internship, practical and dissertation works Eligibility for Admission
(a) Candidates seeking admission to the M.Ed. Degree Programme should have obtained at least 50% marks (aggregate in theory and practicum) or an equivalent grade in the following programmes:
i) B.Ed.
ii) B.A.B.Ed.
iii) B.Sc.B.Ed.
iv) B.El.Ed.
(b) Reservation and relaxation of marks for SC/ST/OBC/PWD and other applicable categories shall be as per the Central Government / State Government whichever is applicable.
(c) Admission shall be made on the basis of marks obtained in the qualifying examination and in the entrance examination or any other selection process as per the policy of the State Government / Central Government / University in force from time to time.
Duration of the Programme The Master’s Degree in Education (M.Ed.) under Choice Based Credit System (CBCS) shall be of two academic years comprising four semesters with 90 credits.
Students shall be permitted to complete the programme requirements of the two-year programme within a maximum period of three years from the date of admission to the programme. The term ‘complete the programme’ means passing all the prescribed theory and practical examinations of the programme to become eligible for the degree.
The number of working days for each semester shall be of 100 inclusive of classroom transaction, practicum, field study, and conduct of examination.
Programme Content The two-year M.Ed. Programme is comprised of five inter-related curricular areas – (i) Perspective Courses (ii) Tool Courses (iii) Teacher Education Course (iv) Specialization of Core Course, and (v) Specialization of Thematic Courses. All the courses include in-built field based units of study, dissertation and practicum work tailored to suit the requirements of prospective teacher educators. Transaction of the courses shall be done using a variety of approaches, including academic writing, self-development activities, and field visits.
Specific Outcomes of the Programme SOP1: Able to demonstrate the competencies of teacher educators SOP 2: Understand the historical, philosophical and sociological implications of education SOP 3: Able to serve as educational psychologists and counsellors M.Ed. Programme Perspective Courses Tool Courses Teacher Education Course Specialization: Core Course Specialization: Thematic Courses SOP 4: Able to provide constructive feedback to restructure the elementary and secondary teacher education programmes and teacher preparation process SOP 5: Capable of designing and developing curriculum and other learning resources SOP 6: Able to demonstrate the research skills by undertaking research projects SOP 7: Realises the values of learner-centred instruction SOP 8: Actively participate in educational measurement and evaluation processes SOP 9: Capable to serve as educational planners, administrators, managers, supervisors and other positions in the field of education SOP 10: Able to provide solutions to educational problems SOP 11: Able to suggest measures for effective functioning of various agencies including the regulatory bodies to enhance the quality of teacher education SOP 12: Understand education as a separate discipline SOP 13: Capable of using the information and communication technologies (ICTs) in teaching-learning process SOP 14: Understand the importance of early childhood care and education SOP 15: Realises the importance of education in improving the status of women and addressing their issues SOP 16: Understand the emerging trends in education for children with special needs SOP 17: Explain the skills needed to successfully complete the field internship, practicum components and dissertation works Course-wise Credit Allotment Sl.No. Name of the Course Number of Courses Total Credits
1. Perspective Courses (PC) 8 32
2. Tool Courses (TC) 4 16
3. Teacher Education Course (TEC) 1 4
4. Specialization: Core Course (SCC) 1 4
5. Specialization : Thematic Courses (STC) 2 8
6. Dissertation - 9
7. Practicum - 13
8. Online Courses 2 4 Total 90 SEMESTER-WISE COURSE STRUCTURE FIRST SEMESTER Type of Course Course Code Name of the Course Marks Total Credits Int. Ext. Total PC MS1PC1 Historical and Political Economy of Education in India 30 70 100 4 MS1PC2 Advanced Educational Psychology 30 70 100 4 TC MS1TC1 Basics in Educational Research 30 70 100 4 TEC MS1TEI Teacher Education in India:
Elementary Level 30 70 100 4 MS1TE2 Teacher Education in India:
Secondary Level Dissertation MS1DN1 Review of Literature, Problem Identification and Writing Research Proposal 25 - 25 1 Practicum MS1PM1 Field Immersion in the Cooperative Schools (10 Working Days) 25 - 25 1 MS1PM2 Self Development: Yoga 50 - 50 2 Total 220 280 500 20 Dissertation: In the first semester, the students have to identify two different research problems, write research proposals for the same and submit them to the concerned College / Department. The Principal / Head of the Department shall constitute a three member Research Advisory Committee including the supervisor of the candidate and two other senior teachers working in the institution at the M.Ed. level to monitor the research activities of the College / Department. The Research Advisory Committee shall scrutinise and finalise the research proposals.
Then the Principal shall send the proposals (two) to the Controller of Examinations, Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University for further scrutiny and approval. The Research Advisory Committee shall evaluate the dissertation related work and award the internal marks for the students.
Practicum: (a) Field Immersion in the Co-operative Schools (10 Working Days) The prospective teacher educators shall be present in the co-operative schools concerned to the Teacher Education Institutions and prepare a reflective report upon the administration, curriculum transaction, mode of evaluation and student-teachers’ curricular and co-curricular activities. The report of the same has to be submitted to the concerned College / Department.
(b) Self-Development Programme: Yoga The prospective teacher educators shall demonstrate and conduct 10 sessions of Yoga to the students of the Co-operative schools. The procedures of these activities have to be recorded and submitted to the concerned College / Department.
The Principal / Head of the Department shall constitute a three member Evaluation Committee consisting three senior teachers working in the institution at the M.Ed. level to assess all the practicum related works/records (excluding the dissertation related work) and award the internal marks for the students.
SECOND SEMESTER Type of Course Course Code Name of the Course Marks Total Credits Int. Ext. Total PC MS2PC3 Philosophy of Education 30 70 100 4 MS2PC4 Curriculum Design and Development 30 70 100 4 TC MS2TC2 Advanced Educational Research and Statistics 30 70 100 4 STC MS2ST1 Planning and Administration of Elementary Education MS2ST2 Planning and Administration of Secondary Education 30 70 100 4 Dissertation MS2DN2 Presentation of Research Proposal 25 - 25 1 Practicum MS2PM3 Field Visit to Teacher Education Institutions (10 Working Days) 25 - 25 1 MS2PM4 Psychology Practical (Minimum 10) 50 - 50 2 Total 220 280 500 20 Dissertation: In the second semester, the Principal / Head shall arrange a Research Colloquium to enable each student give a presentation on his/her research proposal. The Research Advisory Committee shall evaluate the candidate’s performance and award the internal marks to him/her.
Practicum: (a) Field Visit to Teacher Education Institutions (10 Working Days) The prospective teacher educators shall visit and write reflective reports on any one of the Teacher Education Institutions that is engaged in developing innovative curriculum and pedagogic practice, educational policy planning, educational management and administration, etc. The reflective reports should be submitted to the concerned College / Department.
(b) Psychology Practical Each prospective teacher educator is expected to conduct a minimum of 10 practical (5 Experiments and 5 Paper-pencil Tests) during the second semester (List of practical is given in the syllabus of Advanced Educational Psychology).
The practical records should be submitted to the concerned College / Department. The three members Evaluation Committee shall assess the practicum related works/records and award the internal marks for the students.
THIRD SEMESTER Type of Course Course Code Name of the Course Marks Total Credits Int. Ext. Total PC MS3PC5 Sociology of Education 30 70 100 4 MS3PC6 Advanced Techniques of Instruction 30 70 100 4 TC MS3TC3 Educational Measurement and Evaluation 30 70 100 4 SCC MS3SC1 Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment at Elementary Level 30 70 100 4 MS3SC2 Curriculum, Pedagogy and Assessment at Secondary Level Dissertation MS3DN3 Selection/Development of Research Instruments and Data Collection 25 - 25 1 Practicum MS3PM5 Field Based Internship in Cooperative Schools (5 Working Days) 25 - 25 1 MS3PM6 Field Based Internship in Teacher Education Institutes (15 Working Days) 50 - 50 2 Total 220 280 500 20 Dissertation:
In the third semester, each peospective teacher educator has to select/develop the research tools/instruments and collect the data pertaining to his/her research problem. The Principal / Head shall arrange a Research Colloquium to enable each student give a presentation on adoption/development of research tools/instruments related his/her research. The Research Advisory Committee shall evaluate the process involved in the adoption/development of tools/instruments by the candidates and award the internal marks to him/her.
Practicum: (a) Field based Internship in Co-operative Schools (5 Working Days) The peospective teacher educators shall observe the teaching and other co-curricular activities of students both at Level I & II in the Co-operative Schools and submit their reflective records to the concerned College / Department.
(b) Field Based Internship in the Teacher Education Institution (15 Working Days) Each prospective teacher educator shall be attached with their parent Teacher Education Institution or any one of the Teacher Education Institutions for field immersion for a period of 15 days continuously to undertake the activities specified below.
The prospective teacher educators shall be engaged handling 12 classes during the field immersion in their parent Teacher Education Institution or nearby Teacher Education Institution affiliated to TNTEU offering B.Ed Programme.
Each prospective teacher educator shall submit their field based/attachment appraisal reports duly endorsed by the Mentor as well as by the Head of the Institution, where he/she is attached with and the same is to be submitted to the concerned College / Department. The three members Evaluation Committee shall assess the practicum related works/records and award the internal marks for the students.
FOURTH SEMESTER Type of Course Course Code Name of the Course Marks Total Credits Int. Ext. Total PC MS4PC7 Educational Studies 30 70 100 4 MS4PC8 Comparative Education 30 70 100 4 TC MS4TC4 ICT on Teaching and Learning 30 70 100 4 STC MS4STC3 Early Child Care and Education 30 70 100 4 MS4STC4 Trends in Indian Higher Education MS4STC5 Women’s Education MS4STC6 Guidance and Counselling MS4STC7 Education for Differently-Abled Dissertation MS4DN4 Dissertation - 60 100 4 MS4DN5 Viva-Voce - 40 2 Practicum MS4PM7 Hands on Training 50 - 50 2 MS4PM8 Communication Skills: Academic Writing 50 - 50 2 Total 220 380 600 26 ONLINE COURSES (CHOICE BASED) Online Courses MS4OC1 MOOC-SWAYAM-1 (Not less than 4 weeks) - - - 2 MS4OC2 MOOC-SWAYAM-2 (Not less than 4 weeks) - - - 2 The M.Ed. students should complete the online courses on their choice and the Course Completion Certificates need to be submitted to the TNTEU through the concerned College / Department before the commencement of fourth semester theory examinations.
30 Dissertation: In the fourth semester, the peospective teacher educators have to complete the data analysis, interpretations and submit the dissertation before the commencement of the fourth semester theory examinations.
The Principal / Head shall arrange a Research Colloquium to enable each student give a presentation before submission of the dissertation to the university for external evaluation subject to the approval of the Research Advisory Committee.
Practicum: (a) Hands on Training The prospective teacher educators shall prepare the master table based on the data collected and the data shall be statistically analysed by using any relevant software. The data (questionnaires, inventories, etc) and the output of the data shall be submitted during the viva-voce examination.
(b) Communication Skills: Academic Writing The peospective teacher educators are expected to present the academic writing in the form of a research article related to the dissertation topic in the research colloquium of the respective Teacher Education Institution and the same shall be submitted to the concerned College / Department.
The three members Evaluation Committee shall assess the practicum related works/records and award the internal marks for the students.
Medium of Instruction The medium of the programme for both instruction and examination shall be of in Tamil or English depending on the availability of medium of instruction in the Colleges of Education / University Departments.
Attendance
1. In each semester, a student shall earn a minimum of 80% attendance for theory courses and practicum, and 90% field attachment/internship/immersion. In special cases, the Vice-Chancellor may condone deficiency of attendance not exceeding 10% on the recommendation of the Principal / Head of the Department, based on medical grounds duly certified by a Government Medical Officer not below the rank of an Assistant Civil Surgeon.
2. Student who is continuously absent for ten days or more at any point of time, a showcase notice shall be served stating that he/she has to forfeit his/her seat, if, he/she fails to report to the College / University Department immediately.
3. The student whose attendance is below 70% and more than 40% may be given readmission within a period of two consecutive years with full fee but without appearing at the entrance examination and in such a case the student has to fulfil all the rules and regulations which are followed by a fresh student.
4. The student who does not have adequate attendance shall not be considered for the award of any scholarship or any kind of financial aid by the University or any other Government or Quasi Government Agency.
5. Attendance shall be reckoned from the date of admission to the last instructional day of each semester.
Examinations a. Theory Course:
The term-end external examination for all semesters shall be conducted by the University at the end of each semester. The theory examination for each course shall be conducted for 70 marks.
b. Internal Assessment for Theory Courses:
The award of continuous evaluation (i.e. internal assessment) marks in each semester for theory courses shall be distributed as follows:
Sl. No. Components Marks
1.
Class Tests (minimum of two) 10
2.
Assignment (minimum of two) 05
3.
Seminar 10
4.
Attendance** 05 Total 30 ** The marks for attendance shall be awarded as given below:
Sl. No. Percentage of Attendance Gained by the Students (In each theory course) Marks to be awarded
1.
97-100 5
2.
93-96 4
3.
89-92 3
4.
85-88 2
5.
81-84 1
6.
80 and below 0 Summary of Semester-wise Distribution of Marks Compo nents First Semester Second Semester Third Semester Fourth Semester Grand Total EA IA Total EA IA Total EA IA Total EA IA Total EA IA Total Theory 280 120 400 280 120 400 280 120 400 280 120 400 1120 480 1600 Dissert ation - 25 25 - 25 25 - 25 25 100 - 100 100 75 175 Practic um - 75 75 - 75 75 - 75 75 - 100 100 - 325 325 Total 280 220 500 280 220 500 280 220 500 380 220 600 1220 880 2100 Note: EA – External Assessment IA – Internal Assessment c. Appearance for the Examination Each candidate whose admission is approved by the Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University shall apply for the written and practical examinations in the first attempt itself.
Candidates who have failed to satisfy the minimum attendance norms of Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University will not be permitted to appear for the written and practical examinations.
However, the basis of permitting a student to appear for the examination shall be in accordance with the regulations of Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University, in force from time to time.
d. Passing Minimum for Theory/Practicum/Dissertation A candidate who secures not less than 50% of total marks prescribed for the course with a minimum of 50% of the marks prescribed for the internal as well as external examination shall be declared to have passed in (theory/practicum/dissertation) examination for that course.
In case a candidate secures less than 50% of marks prescribed for the internal, then one more opportunity shall be given to him/her to improve the internal marks in the specific course (theory/practicum/dissertation) within the next semester.
e. Reappearance for Theory/Dissertation Students who have secured ‘F’ (Fail) / ‘Ab’ (Absent in the examination) grade in a particular course (other than the practicum components) can reappear during the subsequent end-semester examinations. All applicable fees shall be charged for the purpose of reappearance in (theory/dissertation) examinations.
f. Provisions for Improvement
(i) A candidate who passed in all the courses of a semester may be permitted to improve the results by reappearing for the whole examination of that semester.
(ii) A candidate is allowed for improvement in aggregate by appearing not more than two times for any semester. Further, aggregate improvement is limited to a period of one year after passing the end semester examinations. The regulations governing maximum period of three years for completing the M.Ed. programme notified by the University from time to time shall be applicable for improvement of results.
(iii) A candidate is permitted to apply for improvement of examinations 30 days in advance of the pertinent semester examination whenever held.
(iv) If a candidate passes in all the courses in reappearance, higher of the two aggregate marks secured by the candidate shall be awarded for that semester. In case the candidate fails in the reappearance for improvement the marks secured by the candidate in the first appearance will prevail.
(v) A candidate who appeared for improvements is eligible for reclassification of class only and will not be considered for ranking purpose.
(vi) Improvement is applicable only for theory examinations and not applicable for dissertation and practicum components.
g. Transitory Regulations Whenever a course or scheme of instruction is changed in a particular year, two more examinations immediately following thereafter shall be conducted according to the old regulations / syllabus. Candidates who failed to appear at the examinations or failing in the examinations shall redo the programme and take the examinations.
Guidelines for Dissertation Related Work The M.Ed. students are expected to complete the dissertation work in four phases in four semesters.
Two topics of the dissertation should be submitted to the University for approval at the end of the first semester. The dissertation shall be of an educational topic approved by the Scrutiny Committee of the University. If a topic submitted by any student is not approved, he/she shall be permitted to resubmit another set of proposals for scrutiny and approval of the University. Each student shall carry out the dissertation related work under the guidance of the approved faculty member and the Research Advisory Committee of the concerned College / Department.
In the second semester, each M.Ed. student has to give a colloquium related to his/her research proposal in the presence of his/her classmates and the teaching staff of the College / Department. The presentation shall be evaluated by the Research Advisory Committee and submit the details of evaluation of the concerned College / Department.
In the third semester, each peospective teacher educator has to select/develop the research tools/instruments and collect the data pertaining to his/her research problem. The Principal / Head shall arrange a Research Colloquium to enable each student give a presentation on adoption/development of research tools/instruments related his/her research and to evaluate the process involved in the adoption/development of tools/instruments by the candidates and award the internal marks to him/her.
In the fourth semester, The Principal / Head shall arrange a Research Colloquium to enable each student give a presentation before submission of the dissertation to the university for external evaluation subject to the approval of the Research Advisory Committee. The peospective teacher educators have to complete the data analysis, interpretations and submit two hard copies and one soft copy (CD) of the dissertation along with an abstract before the commencement of the fourth semester theory examinations to the concerned Principal of the College / Head of the Department. The Principal / Head of the Department shall send one hard copy and one soft copy (CD) of the dissertation to the University for external evaluation and the other copy to be kept in the College / Department for the purpose of viva-voce examination.
The candidate shall be required to secure at least 50% marks in the external evaluation of dissertation and viva-voce examination separately to pass the examination.
While evaluating the dissertation, the examiner shall either i) Award at least 50% marks, or ii) Return the dissertation for resubmission with necessary remarks / observations, or iii) Reject the dissertation The candidate, whose dissertation is returned for resubmission may revise the dissertation along with a Certificate of Correction issued by the guide and counter signed by the Principal / Head of the Department and re-submit it within a period of two months on the lines of remarks/observations made by the external examiner. Failure to submit the dissertation within the stipulated period shall result in declaration that the candidate has failed in the M.Ed.
examination.
A dissertation can be revised only once. If the candidate fails to secure minimum pass mark in the revised dissertation, he/she shall be declared failed in the M.Ed. examination.
The candidate, whose dissertation is rejected may with the approval of the University following all the procedures, shall be permitted to write a dissertation on another topic and submit it within a period of 6 months. If the candidate fails to secure the minimum required pass marks in the dissertation, he/she shall be declared failed in the M.Ed. examination.
The external evaluation and the viva-voce shall be done by an examiner duly appointed by the Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University.
Eligibility for the Award of Degree A student shall be declared to be eligible for the award of Master Degree in Education (M.Ed.) provided that the student has successfully completed the course requirements and has passed all the prescribed examinations in all the four semesters within a maximum period of THREE YEARS reckoned from the commencement of first semester to which the candidate was admitted.
Classification of Successful Candidates Class/Distinction shall be awarded to the students after they successfully complete the Master’s Programme as per the norms specified below:
Category Marks secured in Theory and Practicum Class / Distinction Students who successfully complete the programme of study within the duration of 4 semesters in the first attempt (i.e. without arrears in each semester) 75% and above First Class with Distinction 60% to 74.99% First Class 50% to 59.99% Second Class Students who successfully complete the programme of study within the duration of the course (i.e. within the 4 semesters including the arrears) 60% and above First Class 50% to 59.99% Second Class Students who could not complete the programme of study within the duration of the course (i.e. within the 4 semesters) and clears the arrears within the next academic year.
50% and above (irrespective of the percentage of marks) Second Class Grading System: Conversion of Percentage of Marks into Grade Points Award of Grades based on Absolute Marks Range of Marks Letter Grade Grade Point 90-100 A+ 10 80-89 A 9 70-79 B 8 60-69 C 7 50-59 D 6 00-49 F 0 Absent Ab 0
Explanation:
Letter Grades A+, A, B, C and D denotes successful completion of the course.
The letter grade ‘F’ denotes failed in the course and requires for reappearance in the examination.
The letter grade ‘Ab’ denotes the student’s non-appearance in the examination.
Re-totalling / Revaluation / Photocopy of Answer Scripts Candidates can apply for re-totalling / revaluation / photo copy of the answer scripts to the Tamil Nadu Teachers Education University within 10 days after the publication of the results by paying necessary fee prescribed by the university.
Question Paper Pattern Each question paper shall have three sections comprising Section-A, Section-B and Section-C.
Section Type of Question Number of Questions Marks for each question Total Marks A Objective Type Questions 5 1 5 B Short Answer Type (Maximum of 250 words or two and half pages for each question) 3 out of 5 5 15 C Essay Type Questions with internal choice (Maximum of 500 words or 5 pages for each question) 5 (with internal choice) 10 50 Total 70 MODEL QUESTION PAPER M.Ed. Degree Examination (For the candidates admitted from the academic year 2020-2021onwards) Semester – I / Semester –II / Semester – III / Semester - IV Name of the Course: ……………… Time: 3 Hours Maximum Marks: 70 Section-A (5 x 1 = 5 Marks) Objective Type Questions.
Answer ALL the Questions.
Each Question carries 1 mark.
(N.B. Not more than One Question from each unit) Question No.1 Question No.2 Question No.3 Question No.4 Question No.5 Section – B (3 x 5 = 15 Marks) Short Answer Type Questions.
Answer any THREE questions.
Answer to each question should not exceed 250 words / 2 1/2 pages.
Each Question carries 5 marks.
(N.B. One Question from each unit) Question No.6 Question No.7 Question No.8 Question No.9 Question No.10 Section – C (5 x 10 = 50 Marks) Essay Type Questions.
Answer to each question should not exceed 500 words / 5 pages.
Each Question carries 10 marks.
Question No.11. (a) Question from Unit – I
(or)
(b) Question from Unit – I Question No.12. (a) Question from Unit - II
(or)
(b) Question from Unit – II Question No.13. (a) Question from Unit - III
(or)
(b) Question from Unit - III Question No.14. (a) Question from Unit - IV
(or)
(b) Question from Unit - IV Question No.15. (a) Question from Unit - V
(or)
(b) Question from Unit - V