The Constitution of India

Central Constitution · 1950411 provisions16,194 citing judgments

About this text. The article text here was extracted from the official PDF automatically and is known to be incomplete: some articles are cut short and run into the next article’s heading, and none of the twelve Schedules are present, including the Seventh Schedule. The official PDF is complete; treat it as the record.

The enactment

Full text, provision by provision

Every provision below opens in full, free and without an account.

• Article 1 Name and territory of the Union66 citing judgments
• Article 2 Admission or establishment of new States15 citing judgments
• Article 3 Formation of new States and alteration of areas, boundaries or names of existing States29 citing judgments
• Article 4 67 citing judgments
• Article 5 Citizenship at the commencement of the Constitution115 citing judgments
• Article 6 Rights of citizenship of certain persons who have migrated to India from Pakistan18 citing judgments
• Article 7 Rights of citizenship of certain migrants to Pakistan48 citing judgments
• Article 8 Rights of citizenship of certain persons of Indian origin residing outside India25 citing judgments
• Article 9 Persons voluntarily acquiring citizenship of a foreign State not to be citizens27 citing judgments
• Article 10 Continuance of the rights of citizenship74 citing judgments
• Article 11 Parliament to regulate the right of citizenship by law39 citing judgments
• Article 12 Definition1 citing judgment
• Article 13 Laws inconsistent with or in derogation of the fundamental rights. Right to Equality62 citing judgments
• Article 14 Equality before law2,548 citing judgments
• Article 15 Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth62 citing judgments
• Article 16 Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment158 citing judgments
• Article 17 Abolition of Untouchability31 citing judgments
• Article 18 Abolition of titles. Right to Freedom29 citing judgments
• Article 19 Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech, etc754 citing judgments
• Article 20 Protection in respect of conviction for offences216 citing judgments
• Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty7,306 citing judgments
• Article 21A Right to education66 citing judgments
• Article 22 Protection against arrest and detention in certain cases. Right against Exploitation2 citing judgments
• Article 23 Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labour67 citing judgments
• Article 25 Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion59 citing judgments
• Article 26 Freedom to manage religious affairs79 citing judgments
• Article 27 Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion26 citing judgments
• Article 29 Protection of interests of minorities13 citing judgments
• Article 30 Right of minorities to establish and administer educational institutions145 citing judgments
• Article 31B Validation of certain Acts and Regulations1 citing judgment
• Article 31C Saving of laws giving effect to certain directive principles6 citing judgments
• Article 32 Remedies for enforcement of rights conferred by this Part1 citing judgment
• Article 34 Restriction on rights conferred by this Part while martial law is in force in any area2 citing judgments
• Article 35 Legislation to give effect to the provisions of this Part14 citing judgments
• Article 37 Application of the principles contained in this Part7 citing judgments
• Article 38 State to secure a social order for the promotion of welfare of the people4 citing judgments
• Article 39 Certain principles of policy to be followed by the State25 citing judgments
• Article 39A Equal justice and free legal aid25 citing judgments
• Article 40 Organisation of village panchayats7 citing judgments
• Article 41 Right to work, to education and to public assistance in certain cases7 citing judgments
• Article 42 Provision for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief2 citing judgments
• Article 43 Living wage, etc., for workers7 citing judgments
• Article 43A Participation of workers in management of industries1 citing judgment
• Article 44 Uniform civil code for the citizens9 citing judgments
• Article 45 Provision for early childhood care and education to children below the age of six years23 citing judgments
• Article 46 Promotion of educational and economic interests of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and other weaker sections10 citing judgments
• Article 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health30 citing judgments
• Article 48 Organisation of agriculture and animal husbandry7 citing judgments
• Article 48A Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life6 citing judgments
• Article 49 Protection of monuments and places and objects of national importance3 citing judgments
• Article 50 Separation of judiciary from executive8 citing judgments
• Article 51 Promotion of international peace and security2 citing judgments
• Article 51A Fundamental duties13 citing judgments
• Article 53 Executive power of the Union2 citing judgments
• Article 54 Election of President106 citing judgments
• Article 55 Manner of election of President31 citing judgments
• Article 56 Term of office of President7 citing judgments
• Article 57 Eligibility for re-election5 citing judgments
• Article 58 Qualifications for election as President87 citing judgments
• Article 59 Conditions of President‘s office75 citing judgments
• Article 60 Oath or affirmation by the President9 citing judgments
• Article 61 Procedure for impeachment of the President12 citing judgments
• Article 62 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy19 citing judgments
• Article 64 The Vice-President to be ex officio Chairman of the Council of States14 citing judgments
• Article 65 82 citing judgments
• Article 66 Election of Vice-President7 citing judgments
• Article 67 Term of office of Vice-President1 citing judgment
• Article 68 Time of holding election to fill vacancy in the office of Vice-President and the term of office of person elected to fill casual vacancy2 citing judgments
• Article 69 Oath or affirmation by the Vice-President4 citing judgments
• Article 70 Discharge of President‘s functions in other contingencies2 citing judgments
• Article 71 Matters relating to, or connected with, the election of a President or Vice-President8 citing judgments
• Article 72 Power of President to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases1 citing judgment
• Article 74 Council of Ministers to aid and advise President20 citing judgments
• Article 76 Attorney-General for India. Conduct of Government Business4 citing judgments
• Article 77 Conduct of business of the Government of India6 citing judgments
• Article 78 Duties of Prime Minister as respects the furnishing of information to the President, etc1 citing judgment
• Article 79 Constitution of Parliament4 citing judgments
• Article 80 Composition of the Council of States6 citing judgments
• Article 82 Readjustment after each census3 citing judgments
• Article 83 Duration of Houses of Parliament1 citing judgment
• Article 84 Qualification for membership of Parliament11 citing judgments
• Article 85 Sessions of Parliament, prorogation and dissolution7 citing judgments
• Article 86 Right of President to address and send messages to Houses7 citing judgments
• Article 87 Special address by the President4 citing judgments
• Article 89 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Council of States5 citing judgments
• Article 90 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the office of Deputy Chairman1 citing judgment
• Article 91 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman1 citing judgment
• Article 92 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration1 citing judgment
• Article 93 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the House of the People
• Article 94 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker1 citing judgment
• Article 95 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker1 citing judgment
• Article 96 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration2 citing judgments
• Article 97 Salaries and allowances of the Chairman and Deputy Chairman and the Speaker and Deputy Speaker17 citing judgments
• Article 98 Secretariat of Parliament. Conduct of Business1 citing judgment
• Article 99 Oath or affirmation by members3 citing judgments
• Article 101 Vacation of seats8 citing judgments
• Article 102 Disqualifications for membership7 citing judgments
• Article 103 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members2 citing judgments
• Article 104 5 citing judgments
• Article 105 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Parliament and of the members and committees thereof6 citing judgments
• Article 106 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure5 citing judgments
• Article 107 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills5 citing judgments
• Article 108 Joint sitting of both Houses in certain cases2 citing judgments
• Article 109 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills6 citing judgments
• Article 110 Definition of ―Money Bills‖16 citing judgments
• Article 112 Annual financial statement13 citing judgments
• Article 113 Procedure in Parliament with respect to estimates77 citing judgments
• Article 114 Appropriation Bills7 citing judgments
• Article 115 Supplementary, additional or excess grants3 citing judgments
• Article 116 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants8 citing judgments
• Article 117 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally10 citing judgments
• Article 118 Rules of procedure1 citing judgment
• Article 119 Regulation by law of procedure in Parliament in relation to financial business18 citing judgments
• Article 120 Language to be used in Parliament9 citing judgments
• Article 121 Restriction on discussion in Parliament5 citing judgments
• Article 122 Courts not to inquire into proceedings of Parliament8 citing judgments
• Article 123 Power of President to promulgate Ordinances during recess of Parliament22 citing judgments
• Article 124 Establishment and constitution of Supreme Court1 citing judgment
• Article 125 Salaries, etc., of Judges5 citing judgments
• Article 127 Appointment of ad hoc judges6 citing judgments
• Article 128 Attendance of retired Judges at sittings of the Supreme Court2 citing judgments
• Article 129 Supreme Court to be a court of record15 citing judgments
• Article 130 Seat of Supreme Court1 citing judgment
• Article 131 Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court19 citing judgments
• Article 132 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in certain cases2 citing judgments
• Article 133 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in appeals from High Courts in regard to civil matters1 citing judgment
• Article 134 Appellate jurisdiction of Supreme Court in regard to criminal matters1 citing judgment
• Article 134A Certificate for appeal to the SupremeCourt1 citing judgment
• Article 135 Jurisdiction and powers of the Federal Court under existing law to be exercisable by the Supreme Court3 citing judgments
• Article 136 Special leave to appeal by the Supreme Court5 citing judgments
• Article 137 Review of judgments or orders by the Supreme Court205 citing judgments
• Article 138 Enlargement of the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court5 citing judgments
• Article 139 Conferment on the Supreme Court of powers to issue certain writs1 citing judgment
• Article 140 Ancillary powers of Supreme Court5 citing judgments
• Article 141 Law declared by Supreme Court to be binding on all courts80 citing judgments
• Article 142 Enforcement of decrees and orders of Supreme Court and orders as to discovery, etc7 citing judgments
• Article 143 Power of President to consult Supreme Court22 citing judgments
• Article 144 Civil and judicial authorities to act in aid of the Supreme Court23 citing judgments
• Article 145 Rules of Court, etc20 citing judgments
• Article 146 Officers and servants and the expenses of the Supreme Court5 citing judgments
• Article 147 Interpretation8 citing judgments
• Article 148 Comptroller and Auditor-General of India1 citing judgment
• Article 149 Duties and powers of the Comptroller and Auditor-General6 citing judgments
• Article 150 Form of accounts of the Union and of the States4 citing judgments
• Article 151 Audit reports1 citing judgment
• Article 152 Definition3 citing judgments
• Article 153 Governors of States6 citing judgments
• Article 154 Executive power of State3 citing judgments
• Article 155 Appointment of Governor4 citing judgments
• Article 156 Term of office of Governor2 citing judgments
• Article 157 Qualifications for appointment as Governor3 citing judgments
• Article 158 Conditions of Governor‘s office1 citing judgment
• Article 159 Oath or affirmation by the Governor
• Article 160 Discharge of the functions of the Governor in certain contingencies
• Article 161 Power of Governor to grant pardons, etc., and to suspend, remit or commute sentences in certain cases19 citing judgments
• Article 163 Council of Ministers to aid and advise Governor3 citing judgments
• Article 164 Other provisions as to Ministers. The Advocate-General for the State1 citing judgment
• Article 166 Conduct of business of the Government of a State10 citing judgments
• Article 167 Duties of Chief Minister as respects the furnishing of information to Governor, etc1 citing judgment
• Article 168 Constitution of Legislatures in States1 citing judgment
• Article 169 Abolition or creation of Legislative Councils in States3 citing judgments
• Article 170 Composition of the Legislative Assemblies2 citing judgments
• Article 171 Composition of the Legislative Councils6 citing judgments
• Article 172 Duration of State Legislatures3 citing judgments
• Article 173 Qualification for membership of the State Legislature1 citing judgment
• Article 175 Right of Governor to address and send messages to the House or Houses3 citing judgments
• Article 176 Special address by the Governor2 citing judgments
• Article 177 Rights of Ministers and Advocate-General as respects the Houses. Officers of the State Legislature
• Article 178 The Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the Legislative Assembly3 citing judgments
• Article 179 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Speaker and Deputy Speaker1 citing judgment
• Article 180 Power of the Deputy Speaker or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Speaker3 citing judgments
• Article 181 The Speaker or the Deputy Speaker not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration1 citing judgment
• Article 182 The Chairman and Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Council1 citing judgment
• Article 183 Vacation and resignation of, and removal from, the offices of Chairman and Deputy Chairman3 citing judgments
• Article 184 Power of the Deputy Chairman or other person to perform the duties of the office of, or to act as, Chairman3 citing judgments
• Article 185 The Chairman or the Deputy Chairman not to preside while a resolution for his removal from office is under consideration2 citing judgments
• Article 186 Salaries and allowances of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker and the Chairman and Deputy Chairman
• Article 188 Oath or affirmation by members2 citing judgments
• Article 189 Voting in Houses, power of Houses to act notwithstanding vacancies and quorum. Disqualifications of Members
• Article 190 Vacation of seats4 citing judgments
• Article 191 Disqualifications for membership7 citing judgments
• Article 192 Decision on questions as to disqualifications of members1 citing judgment
• Article 193 7 citing judgments
• Article 194 Powers, privileges, etc., of the Houses of Legislatures and of the members and committees thereof4 citing judgments
• Article 195 Salaries and allowances of members. Legislative Procedure6 citing judgments
• Article 196 Provisions as to introduction and passing of Bills
• Article 197 Restriction on powers of Legislative Council as to Bills other than Money Bills7 citing judgments
• Article 198 Special procedure in respect of Money Bills1 citing judgment
• Article 199 Definition of ―Money Bills‖1 citing judgment
• Article 200 Assent to Bills6 citing judgments
• Article 202 Annual financial statement5 citing judgments
• Article 203 Procedure in Legislature with respect to estimates2 citing judgments
• Article 204 Appropriation Bills1 citing judgment
• Article 205 Supplementary, additional or excess grants
• Article 206 Votes on account, votes of credit and exceptional grants
• Article 207 Special provisions as to financial Bills. Procedure Generally5 citing judgments
• Article 208 Rules of procedure2 citing judgments
• Article 209 Regulation by law of procedure in the Legislature of the State in relation to financial business4 citing judgments
• Article 210 Language to be used in the Legislature1 citing judgment
• Article 211 Restriction on discussion in the Legislature1 citing judgment